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1.中北大学 航空宇航学院,山西 太原 030051
2.四川长虹电子科技有限公司,四川 绵阳 621000
3.中国电力科学研究院,北京 100192
4.中北大学 材料科学与工程学院,山西 太原 030051
5.中北大学 教育部共建铝/镁合金开发应用协同创新中心,山西 太原 030051
6.中北大学 新材料智能铸造先进成型山西省重点实验室,山西 太原 030051
原梅妮(1974-), 女, 教授, 博士, 主要从事单光子探测局部放电、 叠层复合装甲、 微小型无人机设计等方面的研究。
赵宇宏(1974-), 女, 教授, 博士, 主要从事凝固时效相变多尺度研究和先进材料液态成型方面的研究。E⁃mail: zhaoyuhong@nuc.edu.cn。
收稿:2026-01-14,
网络首发:2026-07-31,
纸质出版:2026-08-31
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原梅妮, 武跃龙, 原梦, 等. 面向量子信息的单光子探测的机制、 器件及电路设计研究进展[J]. 中北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 47(4): 553-568.
Yuan Meini, Wu Yuelong, Yuan Meng, et al. Research progress on single⁃photon detection for quantum information about mechanisms,devices and circuit design[J]. Journal of North University of China(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 47(4): 553-568.
原梅妮, 武跃龙, 原梦, 等. 面向量子信息的单光子探测的机制、 器件及电路设计研究进展[J]. 中北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 47(4): 553-568. DOI: 10.62756/jnuc.issn.1673-3193.2026.01.0008.
Yuan Meini, Wu Yuelong, Yuan Meng, et al. Research progress on single⁃photon detection for quantum information about mechanisms,devices and circuit design[J]. Journal of North University of China(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 47(4): 553-568. DOI: 10.62756/jnuc.issn.1673-3193.2026.01.0008.
单光子探测技术作为极微弱光信号高保真检测的核心手段, 是量子通信、 量子计算、 量子雷达、 生物医学成像等前沿领域的关键支撑。本文系统综述了单光子探测的物理机制: 外光电效应与多级倍增电子发射、 内光电效应与载流子雪崩倍增效应、 光子诱导热点效应等, 分别对应光电倍增管(PMT)、 单光子雪崩二极管(SPAD)、 超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)等典型器件。详细分析了单光子探测器关键性能参数的物理意义与工程价值。重点阐述了PMT 的高压分压供电、 低噪声前置放大与滤波电路设计,SPAD的被动、 主动、 混合淬灭及门控淬灭电路设计, 以及SNSPD的读出电路方案(含传统50 Ω常温架构、 闩锁效应抑制及双端读出优化方案)。最后总结了单光子探测技术面临的暗计数抑制、 后脉冲效应控制、 探测效率与响应速度权衡、 成本与工程化适配等核心挑战, 为该领域的技术突破与应用拓展提供了参考。
As a core means for high-fidelity detection of extremely weak optical signals, single-photon detection technology is a key support for cutting-edge fields including quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum radar, and biomedical imaging. Its performance directly determines the depth of fundamental optical quantum research and the breadth of industrial applications. This paper systematically reviews the physical mechanisms of single-photon detection: external photoelectric effect with multi-stage multiplied electron emission, internal photoelectric effect with carrier avalanche multiplication effect, and the photon-induced hot electron effect, which correspond to typical devices such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). The physical implications and engineering values of key performance parameters of single-photon detectors are analyzed in detail. Focus is placed on elaborating the circuit designs of these devices: high-voltage voltage-dividing power supply, low-noise preamplification and filtering circuits for PMTs; passive, active, hybrid, and gated quenching circuits for SPADs; and readout circuit solutions for SNSPDs (including traditional 50 Ω room-temperature architecture, latch-up effect suppression, and optimized double-ended readout). Finally, the core challenges facing single-photon detection technology are summarized, such as dark count suppression, after-pulse effect control, the trade-off between detection efficiency and response speed, and cost and engineering adaptability, providing a reference for technological breakthroughs and application expansion in this field.
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